Yes, the very new (less than a century old) dhammakaya movement in Thailand has this belief (that is if they count as Buddhist).
They think that through meditation you can uncover a luminous pure Buddha situated within your physical body which is your true self. They think of the Buddhist meditations on non self as a way to uncover this true self. Dhammakaya Movement
This movement emphasizes material things. For instance they have a "millionaire forever" program - that if you pledge to donate £17 a month to them, they claim that you will be reborn as a millionaire in all future lives New Buddhist Movements in Thailand. Some call it a cult. Page on culteducation.com.
At any rate it doesn't seem to have much in common with what most expect from Buddhist teachings. Though from what I've read, it seems that it is not considered to be an illegal movement in Thailand, just rather unusual. It has many members and is very wealthy, has recently built a billion dollar new temple, the Wat Phra Dhammakaya temple in Bangkok with 200,000 worshipers a day during the retreats
Apart from that one, several traditions talk about Tathagathagarbha or "Buddha nature". The idea that we are all Buddha already if we could but see it. But this is not thought of as a continuing permanent self like the Thailand Atman idea.
To most Buddhists the realization of non self as the second of the four noble truths would seem to be incompatible with the idea of a permanent true self in the sense of atman.
Though of course not incompatible with ideas of a person, or calling oneself "I". Buddha himself refers to himself as "I" in the sutras. For instance in this sutra he talks about his youth before he became enlightened. The Longer Discourse to Saccaka