Yes. Well not whole meteorites. But the pre-solar grains have evidence of supernovae before the formation of the solar system. The occur in meteorites in comets, and as free dust in the solar system. Their ages range from a few million years before the formation of our solar system to over a billion years before it formed. This is the only matter that we can study in the laboratory that actually comes from other stars outside our solar system.
It’s also possible that some of the comets in our solar system actually come from another star. Interstellar comet - Wikipedia
It is very difficult for our solar system to capture a comet coming from another star at a random angle - unlikely it even comes anywhere close. But as stars pass each other, their Oort clouds would mingle and it could lead to some comets being sent inwards - and if so maybe Jupiter could help capture one of them.
Comet Machholz 1 (96P) on its flyby of the sun on January 7-8, 2002, came back again in 2007. Occluding mask with white circle to show the diameter of the sun. Because of its unusual composition and its high inclination orbit, it’s a possible candidate for an interstellar comet which may have got captured by Jupiter into a short period orbit around our sun. A Very Oddball Comet - Sky & Telescope
Another photo of it
Jury is out on whether this or any other known comet is an interstellar comet. But with the pre-solar grains, we know for sure that they predate our solar system and come from other stars. They can tell that they do by the isotope composition and chemical analysis of the materials.
Of course all the heavy metals such as gold come from supernovae, or other very violent events - it’s possible actually that most of the gold comes from neutron star collisions, see Earth's gold came from colliding dead stars. And other atoms of carbon ,oxygen etc come from various kinds of stars and so on. In that sense just about everything except hydrogen and some helium originated inside other stars. But for actual samples of material that you can study in the lab, then the pre-solar grains are our best examples so far.
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