Whether they work depends on the font used. And the program also. Most fonts nowadays have unicode support - at least if used in web pages and the like. Also most modern programs to, all modern web browsers as far as I know.
But unicode is a flexible format with many symbols that are rarely needed that are sometimes only present in some fonts. E.g. Chinese symbols or Japanese symbols may not be present in a font designed for English text.
Similarly some of the more obscure symbols used in maths (and in music etc) - may not show up in all browsers.
If you come across a rare one, not in the usual unicode fonts available to your readers - then you need to use an image instead.
If you need complex formulae with limits etc, you need to use Latex or similar to make the image. You can make mathematical formulae in Wikipedia quite easily for instance.
Once you have a latex formula - then show it magnified, turn into an image, and you can embed it into your text as an image.
But - the most used maths symbols are generally supported in all the unicode fonts - so you only need to think about that if using rarely used symbols.